25 jun 2008

INUIT TRIBE


The Inuit tribe is a group of culturally similar indigenous people; they live the Artic region of Canada and Alaska. Nowadays they neither form nor belong to any nation; however they preserve ancient customs that were transmitted from generation to generation.
The existence of the Inuit tribe is caused for the following factors:

The first cause is that they have demonstrated their great capacity of adjustment to environmental and social changeable condition, despite their habitat and their lifestyle. Furthermore they have neither suffered sickness as Arthitis, cardial diseases nor chronical ailments due to their traditional diet that consist almost exclusively in meat, fat and raw fish, they have this food thanks to their activities as hunting and fishing.

The next cause is the communication with another tribes for interchange their goods fro other things, therefore they mixed with new races with the objective to create new tribes and demonstrate their nice character and their hospitality with other persons.

In conclusion this tribe has many restrictions, however each household has a specific activity , men are hunter and fishermen and woman practice activities as take care of their children, cleaned their houses, sewing , also they to be useful all parts of their animals , of this form the Inuit tribe has development a large live in this planet
by: Karina Cruz

REMARKABLE EVENTS

Two of the important and interesting American tribes are the Blackfoot tribe and the Inuit tribe. Both tribes live today and they are growing and having more territory, as a result of two remarkable events. These are the creation of a province by the Inuit tribe, and the creation of a reserve by the Blackfoot tribe. Although in these two events there are more differences than similarities.
The first similarity between these two remarkable events is that both tribes created a province for Inuit or a reserve Blackfoot. To preserve the culture, traditions, rites and customs of the tribe original, thus able to continue expanding the beliefs of each tribe to other generations and in a different place. For the foundation of these provinces both tribes began to market with Europe all kinds of goods but especially furs. Besides, these two events enabled that the two tribes were known and studied by many people around the world.
There are also many differences between these two events, the first is that the Inuit tribe believes the province in Alaska and the Blackfoot tribe established the reserve in southern Canada. Moreover the province of the Inuit tribe was created by the initiative of indigenous people who wanted to continue expand and make themselves known. While reserving the Blackfoot tribe was created at the initiative of Englishmen who discovered the tribe and they thought that if the tribe could continue living, other people could learn from the nomadic life in America.
Another difference is that after the creation of the reserve of the Blackfoot tribe, they changed their name and now they are called the Blackfeet reservation. While the province of the Inuit tribe has the same name "The tribe Inuit province." Besides the Blackfoot tribe after the creation of the Blackfeet reservation has change their religion and their ancient way of hunting, whereas the Inuit tribe with the creation of the Inuit province has not change any of their beliefs or their lifestyle.
In conclusion the creation of the province for the Inuit and the reserve for the Blackfoot, were two remarkable events for both tribes continue to exist, despite the Christianization and European colonization.

24 jun 2008

Comparison and Contrast Inuit and Apache Tribe

In the world there have been many tribes and groups of people who have conformed a great part of our history, some of these tribes have differences and similarities in their lifestyle. I will outline some of these with reference to Inuit and Apache Tribe.

One obvious difference is the weather. The Inuit live a very hard life because of the cold climate; there aren’t many trees in the Arctic region, for this reason, they have nomadic lifestyle and they doesn’t have lands. In contrast, the Apaches live in the warm climate, they have enough vegetation and they are owners of the lands.

Another difference of this tribe is their house. Inuit tribe make house out of snow, this house are Known as Igloos. Whereas, Apache tribe lived in hut make in straw these huts are adorner with plumes that represent hierarchy the tribe.

On the other hand, these tribes have similarities. Both Inuit and Apache are polygamies, also both tribes have same work, the men are hunters and fishermen; this way the two tribes eat and they market.

Finally, both tribes have more differences than similarities because they live in different weather that changes their lifestyle, although, both are of Native American Tribes and they have traditions.

By: Diana Forero

Causes and Effects of Inuit Tribe (Diana Forero)

In the world there have been many tribes and groups of people who are a great part of our history. Some of these tribes have disappeared but others still live; this is the case of the Inuit tribe that has developed strategies to conserve all their traditions and customs, and that has lived in the Arctic during all their life.

There are many causes why this tribe exists today; the first one is that the Inuit tribe has built a new lifestyle with new ways to live in a cold region. The adaptation to climate is one of the most important reasons why they are still alive; that are why they can live under low temperatures without affecting their health.

Moreover, food is another important cause. The way they feed has permitted to get enough energy and to create defenses in the cold environment; their diet is very reach in albumins and minerals, as a result they give them enough calories and energy to live in the Arctic.

Undoubtedly, the foreing investment has to play an important role inside the style life of this tribe; the trade of animal skins and meat have taken a good increase in the economy during the last years; as consequence, Inuit tribe has become the most important tool of this business, the European investors have taken them as an advantage for their way of life and today most of them are employees from international European companies.

Finally, Inuit tribe used different strategies for development of their lifestyle without lose the real essence of their tribe. These strategies were necessary to ensure that this tribe still exists in society.
By Diana Forero

PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS (Karina y Diana)


In Colombia the Education is divided in different levels of life because of the economy and development of this country. For this reason, there are public and private education. In spite of the fact that a rough comparison of these two types of education reveals some similarities, their differences are more important.

One obvious difference are the benefits received by the educative community. In private schools, students received more benefits and they have good conditions because the installations are cleaner, more well maintained and have more technological resources than public schools; in contrast, public school offer, few benefits a students, due to its economical conditions that rebound in bad facilities and few technology.

Furthermore, public schools and private schools have other differences like the academic calendar; public schools have A calendar that is defined by the government, while, private schools have two options for studying; A and B calendars with the objective that the student can interchange in other countries.

However, these schools have some similarities. Both have the same subjects for teaching in the different grades in primary and high school. In addiction, both private and public have teachers specialized in different areas with the necessary knowledge for the education of students.

Finally, we can see that there are much more differences in the types of the education of Colombia. These differences affect the educative community and their integral development in the country.


Karina Cruz
Diana Forero

ESSAY INUIT TRIBE (CAROLINA RUIZ)

American tribes were building bases to construct a solid society. In fact many tribes nowadays still subsist, such as the Huron and Inuit tribes. In this essay I am going to mention some differences but more similarities between these two tribes that significantly contributed to the construction of American society.
In the past the Huron and Inuit tribes had differences in their government systems. For example the huron tribe was more organized; the Huron’s government was clan based and each tribe had its own clans while the Inuit were organized the traditional labors of hunting and fishing.
Another difference between them was the place where they lived; the Huron tribe lived in places with a lot of vegetation, while the Inuit tribe lived in the Arctic Circle, North of Canada, a place with little or no vegetation. Moreover, the Huron tribe was sedentary and had an agricultural system, planting fields of corn and beans. Whereas, the Inuit tribe was nomadic, traditionally hunters and fishermen, living of the Arctic animal life.
However, both tribes nowadays have some similarities such as language, currently both speak English. They both adopted the Christian religion and, finally, they have been an important part of the current North American society.
Finally, Huron and Inuit tribes, nowadays share more their similarities than differences both important for the building of American Society.
By Carolina Ruiz

18 jun 2008

Shamans, Heroes (Diana, Karina,Carolina )


* The Heroes of both Inuit and Apache Tribe had more differences than similarities because these Tribes had different cultures.
The shaman or Eskimo were thought to have special abilities in relating to the supernatural powers.

The Eskimo believed that the universe was at harmony with its elements and that the natural and supernatural powers possessed a neutral position towards man.

Moreover, this tribe believed the shaman had the power to influence events such as weather, food and illnesses. The shamans were therefore seen as possessing the abilities of curing the sick, controlling nature and predicting future events, because of these powers granted from their positions, shamans were able to control others through the use of fear.


Furthermore, they see and know about the invisible, the spirits that control phenomenon such as rain, disease, etc. Also, they fly to find wisdom in two directions; they are Psychopomp that accompanying souls, they know the ways of death and making flights or travel underworld, beside, they rescue dead from the hands of the spirits of the underworld.

RITUALS


16 jun 2008

CAUSES AND EFFECTS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN ITS IMPLICATION IN INUIT TRIBE (Carolina Ruiz)

Nowadays, environmental pollution is a big problem that can affect world population. the damage could be irreparable to the environment. the population that inhabits in Arctic Circle such as, the Inuit Tribe are more affected for these effects due to their position in the globe.

the first cause of pollution in the Arctic Circle is leaking of poison substances like uranium; these substances are generated by industries of the continent that pour them into the oceans. they are then transported to the Artic by atmospheric currents. As a result, air and water are not pure. Consequently, high levels of harmful substances have been found not only in fish and polar mammals,but also in the milk of Inuit women.

Indeed, another research shows that Inuit culture is very connected with the Arctic environment. The skills and knowledge that the Inuit tribe have developed over years are part of their culture. They are exclusively adapted to cold and severe weather in the Arctic. But due to the changes in the natural environment, for example, melting sea ice, changes in species of Arctic tundra, they are a threat to the traditional way of life of the Inuit. In addition, the Inuit highlight other negative impacts such as increased skin burns for sun and less ability to predict weather states.

In conclusion, nowadays it is neccesary that all the world changes to take care of their environment. In this way, the Inuit's lives won't be affected. If they had to find new ways of live on the land, their ancient live and traditions would be altered.

By Carolina Ruiz

11 jun 2008






WORK LIFE

The Inuit traded many things because back then they did not use money. The Inuit would trade some of their technology. But they would only trade what they had a lot of.
In return they would get things from other tribes that the Inuit did not have.
They could trade many things to other tribes that did not have them. They would trade things such as dolls, guns, sleds, fish, and food. They would trade things to other tribes not just because
they had a lot of things but they wanted to help them out.

For example, they could trade a kayak to help tribes with transportation. This is what and how the Inuit use their
economy.



At first glance the Inuit’s appear to have lead a simple and primitive life.
Further shows there was much more to their lives than that.
They were advanced hunters who were able to live in an extremely cold climate.
They developed effective clothing, language, and leisure activities to enrich their lives.
Their tools and weapons were smart and practical.
The Inuit’s traded almost everything to produce a productive and healthy economy.
Learning about the Inuit is a great appreciation for a very different culture.



FAMILY









Gender roles, marriage, and community

The division of labour in traditional society had a strong gender component, but it was not absolute. The men were traditionally hunters and fishermen. The women took care of the children, cleaned huts, sewed, processed food, and cooked. However, there are numerous examples of women who hunted out of necessity or as a personal choice. At the same time, men who could be away from camp for several days, would be expected to know how to sew and cook.
The marital customs among the Inuit were not strictly monogamous: many Inuit relationships were implicitly or explicitly sexually open marriages; polygamy, divorce and remarriage were fairly common. Among some Inuit groups divorce required the approval of the community, if there were children, and particularly the agreement of the elders. Marriages were often arranged, sometimes in infancy, and occasionally forced on the couple by the community. Marriage was common for men when they became productive hunters, and for women at puberty. Family structure was flexible: a household might consist of a man and his wife or wives and children; it might include his parents or his wife's parents as well as adopted children; or it might be a larger formation of several siblings with their parents, wives and children; or even more than one family sharing dwellings and resources. Every household had its head, an elder or a particularly respected man.


Life and traditions of the Inuit people

The Inuit were traditionally hunters and fishermen, living off of Arctic animal life. They hunted by preference whales, walruses, caribou and seals, although polar bears, musk oxen, birds and any other edible animal might be taken in a pinch. The Arctic has very little edible vegetation, although Inuit did supplement their diet with seaweed.

Sea animals were hunted from single-passenger, covered seal-skin boats called qajait (singular qajaq) which were extraordinarily buoyant, and could easily be righted by a seated person, even if completely overturned. Because of this property, the Inuit design was copied - along with the Inuit word - by Europeans who still make and use them under the name kayak. Inuit also made umiaq - larger, open boats made out of skins and bones for transporting people, goods and dogs.
In the winter, Inuit would also hunt sea mammals by making holes in the ice and waiting for the air-breathing seals and walruses to use them when they needed air. According to Inuit tradition, they learned to do this by observing the polar bear, who hunts by seeking out holes in the ice and waiting nearby.

On land, the Inuit used dog sleds (in Inuktitut, qamutiit, singular qamutiq) for transportation. The husky dog breed comes from Inuit breeding of dogs for transportation. A team of dogs in a fan formation (and not bound together in a line like horse teams) would pull a sled made of animal bones and skins, and in some southern areas a bit of wood, over the snow and ice. They used landmarks to navigate, and possessed a comprehensive native system of toponymy.

Where natural landmarks were insufficient, the Inuit would erect an inukshuk to compensate.Inuit industry relied almost exclusively on animal hides and bones, although some tools were also made out of worked stones, particularly the easily-worked mineral known as soapstone.

Walrus ivory was a particularly essential material, used to make knives. Some Inuit who lived near the tree-line also had native woodworking traditions.Inuit made clothes and footwear from animal skins, sewn together using needles made from animal bones and threads made from other animal products.

The parka is, in essence, the same garment across the Arctic - made in a similar fashion by Arctic peoples from Europe through Asia and the Americas, including by the Inuit. The hoods of Inuit women's parkas - amautiit (singular amaut or amautik) in Inuktitut - were traditionally made extra large, to protect the baby from the harsh wind when snuggled against the mother's back. Styles vary from region to region, from shape of the hood to length of the tails. Boots (Inuktitut: kamik) could be made of caribou or sealskin, and designs varied for men and women. Inuit also lived in temporary shelters made from snow in winter (the famous igloo), and during the few months of the year when temperatures were above freezing, they lived in tents made of animal skins and bones.
The division of labour in traditional society had a strong gender component. The men were traditionally hunters and fishermen. The women took care of the children, cleaned huts, sewed and cooked.The marital customs among the Inuit were not strictly monogamous, many Inuit relationships were implicitly or explicitly sexually open, and polygamy, divorce and remarriage were fairly common.

Formal marriage and divorce required the approval of the community, and particularly the agreement of the elders. Marriages were often arranged, sometimes in infancy, and occasionally forced on the couple by the community. Marriage was expected for a man as soon as he could hunt for himself, and for women at puberty.

Family structure was flexible - a household might consist of a man and his wife or wives and children; it might include his parents or his wife's parents as well as adopted children; or it might be a larger formation of several siblings with their parents, wives and children; or even more than one family sharing dwellings and resources.

Every household had a head of household - an elder or a particularly respected man.There was also a larger notion of community, generally several families who shared a place where they wintered. Goods were shared within a household, and to a lesser extend within a whole community in winter.
As with most nomadic people, there was no real conception of ownership of land - if a spot was unoccupied, all were free to hunt or camp there. Animals belonged first to the hunter or trapper, then to his household.
Nearly all Inuit cultures have oral traditions of raids by Indians and fellow Inuit, and of taking vengeance on them in return. Although these tales are generally regarded not as accurate historical accounts but as self-serving myths - violence against outsiders as justified revenge - it does make clear that there was a history of hostile contact between Inuit and other cultures.
In Alaska, the Inuit became accomplished raiders through constant feuding. Given the narrow margins of survival, the advantages of supplementing one's hunt by stealing from one's neighbours seem obvious. Even within an Inuit band, breaching traditional justice and wronging another Inuit was routinely punished by murderous vengeance, as the story of Atanarjuat shows.
Within a community, punishments were meted out by community decision, or by the elders, and a breach meant that the victim and his or her relatives could seek out restitution or revenge. There is a pervasive belief that the Inuit left their elderly on the ice to die. This is not genuinely true. It is true that sometimes elderly Inuit who could no longer hunt or do other useful work might choose, or be convinced to choose, a form of assisted suicide when food was very scarce. They were not left to die on the ice, but rather were more directly dispatched. This practice was not universal among the Inuit - some bands never had such practices - and was only tolerated under truly desperate conditions. Inuit communities were largely ruled by respected elders, and routine geronticide did not take place.
A far more common response to desperate conditions and the threat of starvation was infanticide, which did sometimes entail abandoning an infant in hopes that someone less desperate might find and adopt it before the cold or the wildlife finished it off.
General Information of the Inuit

Inuti is a general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic coasts of Alaska, the eastern islands of the Canadian Arctic, Labrador, and the ice-free coasts of Greenland. Until fairly recent times, there has been a remarkable homogeneity in the culture throughout this area, which traditionally relied on fish, sea mammals, and land animals for food, heat, light, clothing, tools, and shelter.

The Inuit Circumpolar Conference defines its constituency to include Canada's Inuit and Inuvialuit, Greenland's Kalaallit people, Alaska's Inupiaq and Yupik people, and Russia's Yupik. However, the Yupik are not Inuit in the sense of being descended from the Thule and prefer to be called Yupik or Eskimo.

Canadian Inuit live primarily in Nunavut (a territory in Canada), Nunavik (a region in the northern part of the province of Quebec defined by the James Bay Agreement), and in Nunatsiavut (the Inuit settlement region in Labrador.) The Inuvialuit live primarily in the Mackenzie River delta, on Banks Island and part of Victoria Island in the Northwest Territories. There have been Inuit settlements in Yukon, especially at Herschel Island, but there are none at present. Alaskan Inupiaq live on the North Slope of Alaska, while the Yupik live in western Alaska and a part of Chukotka Autonomous Area in Russia.


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